1. INTRODUCTION
Cucumber is known in India more than 3,000 years ago, then spread along the West Asia, Africa and Southern Europe. Cucumbers are grown in China since the 6th century and is now widely grown around the world.
Cucumber provide many vitamins and minerals. Cucumber contains 96% water and 100g of fresh fruit for 14 calories; 0.7 mg protein; 24 mg calcium; 20 IU vitamin A; vitamin C 12 mg; 0.024 mg vitamin B1; vitamin B2 and niacin 0.3 mg 0.075 mg.
2. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Roots: The roots grow very weak melons, roots only distributed in topsoil 30-40 cm.
Body: Body Workshop every year, long body, with multiple tassels book to cling when ox. Body length depending on growing conditions and seed varieties usually cultivated field length from 0.5 - 2.5m. Body on cotyledons and slang itself in high moisture conditions can establish roots uncertainty. Body round or angular, hairy little more depending on breed. Secretarial relatives often branched; cucumber types also completely established horizontal branch. The ramifications of melon is influenced by the temperature at night.
Leaves: simple, to grow from the body, slightly triangular shape leaves with long petioles 5-15 cm; natural edge or serrated leaves. The leaves on the trees and the size and shape change.
Flower: Single trees or other trees counted together. Female flowers grow in axillary pairs or separately; male flowers grow in clusters of 5-7 flowers; Cucumber also hermaphrodite flowers. the same on all 3 types of flowering plants and flowers only 1 seed in the trees. Yellow flower, insect pollination, the ovary of the female flowers grow very fast just before the flowers bloom. Cucumber varieties commonly grown in the Mekong Delta early flowering, starting at secondary axillary 4-5 on the main body, then flowers bloom continuously on the main stem and branches.
The variation of sexuality in cucumber is very broad, which is characteristic of the plant adaptive strengths in environmental conditions. Generally, long-day conditions, high temperatures and other adverse conditions make trees more male flowers. Also, pruning, use of growth stimulants and fertilizer regimes can affect the sex of the plant change. The tree has different genders in cucumber has been studied and created for use in hybrid breeding.
Fruit, nuts: When I was young prickly rough, he saw large spikes slowly losing. Left from its inception to harvest with dark blue, light blue, with or without a pattern (stripes, spots, dots), when ripe fruit turns dark yellow, brown or green and white. Contrary grow very quickly depending on the variety, can be obtained left from 8-10 days after flowering. Left qualities not only depend on the composition of nutrients in the fruit, but also depending on the firmness of the fruit pulp, fruit size and flavor of the fruit intestine. Contrary containing ivory beads, an average of 200-500 seeds / fruit.
Thermophilic cucumber heading, temperatures suitable for growing melons is 30oC. and night temperatures of 18 - 21oC. Melons can react with different lengths depending on the same day, usually short days stimulate the leaves and fruit trees, so the weather conditions allow plains fruit cucumber flowering throughout the year.
Soil moisture requirements of very large cucumber. Very weak drought resistant melon, water shortages and poor plant growth substances accumulate in conflict cucurbitaxin become bitter. However higher humidity to make chalk blight thrives.
3. BREED
There are 2 groups cucumber varieties:
3.1. Group planting melons rig: Farming popular in areas where conditions do rig. Melon varieties in this group:
3.1.1. F1 hybrids:
- Mummy 331: Introduction from Thailand, grow well, the strong arm, began to harvest 35-37 NSKG, left empty beauty, to the average (length 16-20 cm, weighing 160-200 g), shell medium blue, white thorn, firm texture, good quality, crisp, not bitter, average yields 30-50 tonnes / ha.
- Same 765.789: Introduction from Thailand, grow stronger, to harvest 35-37 NSKG, straight left, to medium, white thorn, color slightly lighter than the left but the productivity and resilience equivalents 331 Mummy.
- White America: Introduction from Thailand, and branching plants grow well, to harvest 35-37 NSKG, high fruit setting rate, as opposed to the average, white blue, white thorn, even less was left Pass at the end of harvest.
- American Green: Introduction from Thailand, grow better crops, better resistant varieties White America, equivalent to the American left but many left White and higher productivity.
- D 2 and D 14: Introduction from the Netherlands, well developed trees should be high gantry, flowering trees for 100% female, 10% male plants for chalk. Hence the attention planting techniques to ensure male ratio in the population tree. Contrary to (length> 20 cm, weighing> 200 g), medium blue, small intestine, white prickly fruit should remain long after the harvest. Happy watermelon blight pollen tolerant and high yielding varieties F1 equivalent others.
3.1.2. Local varieties of cucumber
- Cucumber Green: Growth pretty, little prick should have grown thick branch, the left very early (32-35 NSKG), as opposed to medium, medium green skin, black spikes, melon yield of 20-40 tonnes /huh. Disadvantages of the same as for type 2 much left at the end of service and ease of chalk blight infection. This is now the same Seed Company South selectively into high-yield varieties.
- Melons Xining: Robust growth, strong branches pierced, female flowers appear on the wires late harvesting should branch (40-42 NSKG), as opposed to longer cucumber green, medium blue shell, striped, 2 head The middle section is slightly smaller than the left. Xining good melon heat, proper cultivation over time of season in Green melon and higher yield. This breed is also Company of Southern Seed selection of high-yielding varieties.
3.2. Group melons grown on land: Growing popularity in places no conditions rigs or large acreage and dry season cultivation, mostly local varieties:
- Cucumbers: Tree cows 1m long - 1.5 m, for a very early harvest (30-32 NSKG), many left and ephemeral. Left small, short (10 to 12 cm long, weighing <100 g), pale green, turn yellow shell quickly after harvest, fruit flesh thin, large intestine, delicious crispy, preferred to eat fresh or vinegar mixed but do not have high economic value.
- Cucumber Phung Tuong: Growth pretty and the strong arm, the left soon (32-35 NSKG), whereas the average length, blue and white, black thorn, bowel characteristics. Phung Tuong melons for higher productivity and not turning yellow crust fast as cucumber should be grown more popular.
4. FARMING TECHNIQUES
4.1. Part time
Can be grown all year round, but the cucumber grows well in the wet season than the dry season. The various planting favorable and different difficulties:
- Summer Collection: sowing 5-6, 7- 8 dl harvest months, this is the main crop grown cucumber trellis. This season melon high yield, fewer pests and watering curvature.
- Department Fall Winter: May 7- 8 sowing, harvesting 9-10 dl, due to high rainfall, lush foliage plants, the little fruit. During flowering if continuous rain in the morning, the fruit trees or young fruit less prone to rot, melon this service pollinating susceptible spots short harvest time.
- Winter-Spring sowing 10-11, harvested in December - 1dl, beef and pickled cucumbers are grown rig. The case cold weather, usually translated thrips and blight thrives chalk up to investment.
- Spring Summer Service: Sow 1-2 months, harvested 3-4 dl, high temperatures this season suitable for planting cucumber soil. End of the dry season, inclement weather most of the year, the amount of drainage water through ground handling and melon leaves many, if not drained less grown short stem, small leaves, small fruits and low yield.
4.2. Tillage and sowing hat
Cucumbers require strict land by roots weak and very poorly absorbed by the roots, if drought or flooding or high concentrations of fertilizer vulnerable roots yellow melon dry, so melon plantation on soil mechanical composition light as sandy, light soil drainage shui, there are many organic substances, pH from 6.5 - 7.5.
Tillage techniques. Hoe to plow deep topsoil, on higher beds 20-25 cm for planting during the rainy season or planting has made rigs, dry season grazing land planted melon fields and well-drained soil just dig holes for planting, without making beds. Phil can grow straw covered by canvas or plastic to keep moisture.
Cucumber seeds germinate very fast and high germination rates can be trimmed straight 2-3 seeds / hole, sowing depth 2-3 cm and fill husk ash. F1 seed planting to save seeds and seedlings are care, sow seedlings and planted in potting soil when leaves. Each hole planted a tree branch pierced varieties planted at 2-3 plants / hole. Planting distance of 0.8 - 1.5 meters x 0.3 - 0.4 m. density of 30000-50000 plants / ha. Melon plantation rigs, single or double rows are, thick planting season should agree to have high productivity, little planting season should reverse for easy care and pest control.
Planting of seeds for 1 hectare depending on method of planting. Grazing melon, melon local guy sniper need 1-3 kg of seed / ha; melon F1 - to 0.5 - 0.8 kg seeds / ha.
4.3. Take care of
4.3.1. Fertilization: Nutritional requirements of high cucumber, cucumber potassium absorption is strongest, followed by protein. Cucumbers are sensitive to nutrients in the soil and does not tolerate high concentrations of fertilizer; so distribution is dressing several times instead of fertilizer concentrate. In the early stages of growth melon absorb more protein other substances; Until melon pickle fork and fruiting new strong absorption of potassium. However, excess nitrogen plants led to strong growth and several male flowers.
Depending on the amount of fertilizer nutrient conditions available in the soil and the needs of cucumber over each growth stage. For exotic hybrids with high yield, fertilizer needed more local varieties.
Formula used for cucumber cultivated in the delta are:
N: 140-220 kg / ha
P2 O5: 150-180 kg / ha
K2O: 120-150 kg / ha
Based on the above formula can be applied to 1 ha cucumber: 1 ton of fertilizer 16-16-8, 100 kg of urea, DAP and 100 kg 50 kg KCl or 200-300 kg urea, 500-700 kg superphosphate, 150 - 200 kg of KCl, 20-25 tons of manure and 1-2 tonnes of rice husk ash.
Here is an example of the time, fertilizers and fertilizer doses for 1 ha:
| Loại phân |
Tổng số |
Bón lót |
Tưới thúc (5-10 NSG) |
Bón thúc (15-20 NSG) |
Bón nuôi trái (35 - 55 NSG) |
| Vôi (tấn) |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
| Phân chuồng (tấn) |
20 |
20 |
|
|
|
| 16-16-8 (kg) |
1.000 |
400 |
|
300 |
300 |
| Urê (kg) |
100 |
|
50 |
|
50 |
| DAP (kg) |
50 |
|
50 |
|
|
| KCl (kg) |
100 |
|
|
|
100 |
NSKG: Days after sowing
In areas of compensation practices mud, feces finished fertilizer is divided into 2 times 2 sides on 12 and 20 NSKG Phil, then pay up the Philippines to fill sludge fertilizer. Fertilizers are also raising left divided doses left after the collection phase. Also can be added foliar spray to increase the rate SUPERMES left Type 1.
4.3.2. Watering: dry season irrigation 1 day 2 times in the morning and afternoon. Strengthening of irrigation water and irrigated area around the large tree root, especially during the fruit in full; need good drainage during the rainy season. In the case of free irrigation, water should not be too high in the irrigation ditch when a large tree, as this may damage the roots restricted or melon elongate ditch, preferably water in the trench drain after watering.
4.3.3. Mulching, do rig: once after the dressing, remove hose down the tree tops of cattle. Ground beef must be covered watermelon straw around the base to keep moisture or straw scattered around the melon field for cows, while protecting the fruit from rotting due to direct contact with moist soil and straw also limits the growth of grass long.
Making rig's typeface (X)
For melon planting rig, when trees begin to rewind the book (20 NSKG) then do rig's typefaces, about 2 meters high. Rigs with better rub bamboo reed because spines thorn scrub with horizontal branches, pickled cow and goat sticking when used 2-3 cases, need 40000-50000 rub trees / ha. Staging can also fixed by mangrove poles and wire to use is 3-5 years. Currently, the use of nylon mesh to make the cucumber rigs are also popular in the production because reducing the number of trees rigs, cost reduction, quick operation and use many seasons.
4.3.4. Pest control
Important pests include:
- Thrips or thrips (Thrips palmi): Adults and larvae are very small, yellowish white color, are concentrated in the bud or the underside of young leaves, making the plant-sucking bud curl back. This damage associated with symptoms due melon aphid makes were the naked bud, bud being balk, farmers often called stupidity. As the sun set on thrips hide in straw or leaf curl. Damage caused by thrips related to mosaic disease.
Thrips thrive in the dry season. Damage caused by thrips in these specialized areas are very serious. Should grow simultaneously and avoid pillow case, check the watermelon fields closely for early detection of larvae.
Thrips have very high drug resistance, the drug should be changed regularly spray Vertimec, Confidor, Admire, Danitol.
- Bug melon aphid (aulacophora similis): Bug hoppers rather large size, by eating coconut oil, orange, flying slowly, can catch by hand in the early morning while eating out seedlings. Ivory white larvae, feeding on roots or stems near the ground.
Collecting and destroying crops after harvest melons, piled create melon aphid traps to focus, then sprayed. Granular medicines widely as Bam, Basudin, Regent 20kg / ha or spray popular drugs like Sumi-alpha, Sumicidin, Baythroit, Admire.
- Melon aphid, aphid viscosity (Aphis spp.) And the insect larvae are small, 1-2 mm long, yellow, crowd live on the underside of young leaves from the trees with two cotyledons until harvest, sucking makes procrastination tops and leaves sprout stunted yellow mosaic disease hoppers. Hoppers have a lot of natural enemies such as ladybirds, worms, ants, spiders, mushrooms ... should only spray when populations are too high affecting productivity. Drugs in the treatment room as chafer melon.
- For large cast or leaves leafminer (Liriomyza spp.): The insect is a type of very small flies, 1.4 mm long, glossy black, with yellow markings on the chest, while parked wings folded on its back abdominal membrane. Eggs rounded, white roses, were laid in the leaf tissue. The maggot larvae, 2 mm long, pale yellow, winding tunnels hollowed to poverty under the leaf epidermis of many crops such as melon gourd, eggplant, peppers, beans .... Under the influence of the sun, these lines make dry burnt leaves, the tree quickly wither. Flies attack early on when the plant started with real leaves, sun damage during higher during the rainy season.
Flies very fast habituation, should change frequently vaccine. Spray when plants have 2-3 leaves; when necessary, repeat spraying after 7-10 days. Through several experiments show that injection of drugs or in combination with daisy stem generic phosphate or mineral oils D-C Tron Plus 5% o. Trai plastic mulch on the Philippines will reduce significantly the density of flies and the high economic efficiency.
Important diseases include:
- Wilt, wired (Fusarium sp.): Tree dehydration, withered from the shoots, stems sometimes crack, on seedling disease killing clumps theaters. On mature trees, harmful fungi from the period of flowering to fruit object, each branch wilted melon, then suddenly wilt and die hydrated tree. Microorganisms deposited in the soil for many years, this disease involved little more to nematodes and soil moisture. Phytophthora sp. also recorded causes this disease.
Phil so high up, airy soil, add fertilizer manure, rice husk ash, uprooting trees destroying disease. Or spray the roots Copper-B, Derosal, Rovral, Topsin-M 2 -3% o or Appencarb supper, Aliette, Ridomil, Curzate 1-2% o. Bam drug widely particles, Basudin 10-20 kg / ha except nematodes. Avoid planting trees along cucumber and groups such as pumpkin, squash, melons continuous years on the same plot.
- Patients dying seedlings wilt, wither worn body (Rhizoctonia solani): Stock root rot often corrupt, easily falling trees, young leaves are still green. Only harmful fungi in the seedling stage, the disease left butt rot. The disease thrives when high humidity; fungi survive on rice stem store, straw, weed, water hyacinth, sclerotia survive in soil after the rice season.
Should handle chemical drug straw after sowing. Validacin spray, Anvil, Rovral, Hinosan; Copper-B, Tilt super, Bonanza (these medications are of sheath blight disease cure)
- Young fruit rot (fungi Choanephora cucurbitarum): Often attacks the leaves, flowers and young fruit 5-7 days after pollination, disease caused heavy damage during the rainy season. Do not grow too thick, reduce watering, not watering in the evening when the disease has appeared. Need protection simh field, collecting the fruit leaf diseases brought destruction. Should spray vaccine as prevention and treatment drugs for damping.
- Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium): Lesions on leaves are brown forming concentric circles. When the weather alternating sun and rain such as, the lesions may get worse, the black fungus drive is located on the ring very well. Shaped lesions on the body long, forming streaks. Lesions on brown circular indentations left on the skin, also known as scabies melon, very ill this marks associated plaque to cause fruit rot, but the water.
Manzate spray, Mancozeb, Antracol, Curzate, Copper-B, Topsin-M, Toptan, Benlat-C.
- Chalk spot disease, downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis mushroom): Lesions angled polygons have very clear, pale yellow at first then changed to brown; carefully observe the early morning under white sheets containing filaments or yellow, while older lesions are very brittle. The disease usually occurs in older leaves original from spreading to younger leaves, thrives at the time of high humidity and rainy.
Curzate spray, Mancozeb, Copper-B-C or Ridomil Benlate.
- Mosaic viral disease: This disease is transmitted from infected to healthy plants by sucking insects groups as thrips and melon aphid. Symptoms include re curl bud, leaves discolored, mottled gold, heavy losses will make the bud was the naked, tree balk, grow very slowly, very little possibility for the left, the left often deformity and has a bitter taste. Only spray against aphids thrips and melon when plants are small with conventional drugs. Need removing and destroying the plants to avoid spreading disease.
- Collar rot disease, dry fire leaves (Phytophthora sp.) Disease damages the leaves, fruit and stem base. Fatal disease in any position on the leaves, but usually from the edge of the leaves on, diseases such as waterlogged areas, turn black and soft rot. On the contrary disease damage on young fruit only act against black rot and melt. In the body, the disease is usually at the root collar damage done here is waterlogged discolored, then turn brown and rot black weakened both Andrew, to plant death.
Drained for watermelon fields. Avoid planting too thick, not water soaked into the evening. Manzate spraying; Curzate, Ridomil; Aliette 7-10 days.
5. HARVESTING
Fresh fruit harvest melons left at least looks delicious, velvety green crust, a layer of white chalk, left and top left pretty empty while not falling petals. Left back period lasts 20-30 days, collected once a day, once in full can be obtained every day for both groups left, uniform, easy to sell. Cucumber yields 15-17 tonnes / ha, local cucumbers 20-30 tonnes / ha and hybrids 30-50 tonnes / ha
