PROCESS PLANT ENGINEERING PAPAYA

Scientific name: Carica papaya
They: Caricaceae
Papaya is Carica papaya called La crystal, Central American origins were journalists Oviedo Spaniard described in 1526 in the Panama coast countries and Colombia. Most likely introduced into Vietnam by way Philiippines
This is a very familiar fruits are grown everywhere, from a few trees around the house, embankments to intercrop perennials, planting a garden or where specialist.
I. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT:

Papaya is a song cotyledon plants, but without body nor stabbed branch, unless they start aging. About 3-7m tall trees and leafy tops. Leaf length 60-70cm, soft and hollow, consisting of 7 plates, and 1.5 meters wide. Scarred body leaves.

Papaya is often co-cycle plants, but the papaya can be arranged into three categories in terms of gender: male plants, female plants and hermaphrodite plants. Some papaya can bear above all three kinds of flowers. There are also non-flowering entirely male, female or bisexual but much less characteristic mix of three types of flowers. Sex tends to change largely caused by weather such as drought and temperature changes. The higher the temperature, the tendency to produce male flowers growing. Male flowers in male plants bluish green, grow from leaf axils on long beams, many branches. Female flowers in the larger plants, stem very short, scattered, or two or three flowers above the body, producing fruit round, oval or pear shaped, green or yellow peel when ripe fruit. Male plant of course is no left. Left bisexual flowers are preferred in the market. Therefore, the need to select plants for fruit or flowers with flowers the appropriate bisexual. Growers can not choose to be, if only seeding taken from open-pollinated fruit. Conversely, growers can choose from a fairly accurate way is the tree, the tree by wrapping paper bisexual female flowers or bisexual flowers blooming yet, and self-aligning to sprinkle hand chalk (cross pollination) to ovule hose when flowers bloom beauty bisexual flowers. The study of pollen in papaya says:

 Pollination female flowers with pollen, the male half of the seedlings will be male plants, female plants would be half.

 Use bisexual pollen to pollinate the flowers, the trees will be half of the trees, half will be a hermaphrodite plants.

 States bisexual self-fertilization or cross-pollination with other bisexual pollen for rate a bisexual female plants two trees.

 Use the male pollen to pollinate flowers bisexual, one-third of the trees will be trees, a third will be the male plant, one third will be hermaphroditic plants.

Under this study, methods 2) and 3) will give the best fruit seedlings. If not pollinate by hand, growers can also leave a few male plants in the garden is enough assurance of other flowers are pollinated and fruit.
II. External conditions:
1. Climate:
            Papaya trees grow well in warm climatic conditions and humidity, rainfall of 100mm / month, no shade. Papaya is very sensitive to temperature and humidity, the high temperature of 30-35 o C or high humidity, precipitation 250-300mm / month, the plants will grow slowly, little fruit. Temperatures below 0 o C as dead trees, heavily damaged. If he saw nine that cold air, not hot enough, the left will not be sweet. Papaya also need a lot of rain and evenly distributed rainfall. If rain does not need watering, fresh papaya fruit for many. Dry season water shortages, less fruit and flowers young fruits will drop more. However, if too much water, the roots, leaves damaged, trees grow slowly, weak. Papaya not withstand strong winds.
2. Land:
            Easygoing papaya can be grown on land with proper acidity pH between 5.5-6.5. Papaya farmland to organic rich, porous, or less alkaline soil, convenient for watering and good drainage when rain. Phil plains right up really high and deep to the drainage ditch for drainage. Prepare the soil: Soil seedbed before planting should brush 2-2,5m wide. Between the rows 30cm deep grooved to drain water.
III. PROCESS ENGINEERING:
1. SEASONAL:
            Papaya is capable of flowering and fruit year-round, but there is little or no fruit season. So to grow high yield papaya, beautiful fruit, limiting pests, can be arranged on the papaya plant following:
            - Irrigated land initiative, papaya planting during the rainy season (July-August dl)
            - The land of poor countries initiative (areas affected by flood waters) planted after the sprint. Once planted, the seedlings have reached the age of 20 -30 days.
2. SEED:
- Like F1 TAIWAN: Plants grow very well, early fruit trees, fruit trees with tall trees first time around 80cm. A high proportion of fruit, a tree can park season 1 left 30 or older, a very high yield. Large fruit, fruit weight from 1.5kg - 2Kg, (can reach 3 kg / L). The fruit trees oval, fruit trees term hermaphrodite. Smooth skin, thick bright red meat, sugar normally about 13 degrees brix, easy to transport. Seed by Nong Huu supply company.
 
- Hong Kong leather cotton varieties: For high yield, average fruit weight 2.5 - 3kg, thick skin, quite resistant to mites and diseases caused by viruses. Yellow fruit pulp, sugar from 9 -10%.
 
- Taiwan purple: high yield, fruit variety, fruit weight from 1.2 - 1.5 kg. Purple fruit is red meat, make meat. Sugar content of 10 -11%. Plants susceptible to red spider and diseases caused by viruses, but still have the ability to produce good fruit in the early years.
- Just EKSOTIKA: For good quality, purplish red fruit flesh, to make meat, beautiful, sugar content 13-14%, fruit 500g weight - 1kg.
- Just Sola: It features almost like EKSOTIKA but left the meat firmer, tastier, sugar content 15-17%, fruit weight 300 - 500g
3. SELECTION AND HANDLING:
- Choose the county: From left elongate, grow well on the mother plant health, pest clean, old enough to be left on the tree, only to get the seeds in between the left and submersion.
- Seed treatment: Rub the outside bead silk peeling, exposing and storing in a cool dry place. Before sowing seeds should be soaked in hot water 50 -550C (3 vibrant 2 cool) about 10 minutes. Then continue to soak in cold water for about 2 hours.
4. seedlings:
- Seeds after processing, is nursed on Phil. Phil surface mixed rice husk ash. 5-10 days, seeds will germinate. When tall trees about 4 - 6 cm, transplanted into pots. Should choose healthy plants, medium size, multiple root cluster. Size 6-10cm elected.
- Land for election: spongy topsoil 1/3, 1/3 and 1/3 manure husk ash. Seedlings in elected
2-4 weeks can be planted.
5. PLANT ENGINEERING AND CARE:
5.1 Preparation of the land:
            The lowlands have beds before planting, use topsoil mixed with 3 - 5 kg of manure, lime 200gr, with sizes up to size 50 x 50 x 30cm
5.2 Distance planting:
            Plant to plant: 1.8 - 2cm. Rows: 2 - 3 cm. A density of about 2000-2100 trees / ha.
5.3 Fertilization: Fertilizer for 1 papaya in a year:
Manure: 3-5 kg
Urea: 200-300 gr
Superphosphate: 500-600 gr
KCL: 200-300 gr
- Can be used as a fraction or mixed fertilizer application but need to balance different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
- The fertilizer:
+ Basal: From 3 -5 kg ​​of manure, 50 - 100g and 200 gr Super phosphate of lime.
+ 1 month old tree after planting: 20 grams of urea and 30 grams Super phosphate. Diluted in 10 liters of water, irrigating crops, watering 1 times 1 week.
+ Tree from 1-3 months after planting: Fertilizer tree calculated for 1: 30 - 40 gr Urea, 50 gr Super phosphate and 20-30 grams of KCL. Fertilize 1 time 15-20 days.
+ Trees from 3 -7 months after planting fertilizer: fertilizer plant based on 1: 40 - 50g of Urea, 40 gr 50gr Super phosphate and KCL. Fertilize January 1 times. By October 6th, can add 2kg manure fertilizer and 100 grams of lime per tree, native cultivate combination. Maybe more foliar spray. Injection every 3 -4 weeks / trace concentrations instructions.
Care 5.4
- Watering: Papaya is a water-intensive crops, but are afraid of flooding. Therefore provide sufficient water for crops in the dry season and good drainage for the plants during the rainy season when flooding or flood.
- Weeding: Weeds compete nutrition and shelter of pests. Do regularly around the base.
- The original cabinets: Use straw or dry grass around the base of the dry season in order to retain moisture and keep the temperature suitable for the plant.
6. pest control:
Red Spider 6.1:
- Permanent damage to crops in the dry season, in the lower leaf surface. Yellow-spotted leaf damage, stained, then burnt and fallen leaves.
- Room Treatment: Spray one of the following drugs: Danitol, Bi 58, Ortus, Silsau, Comite 0.1% concentration. Rotating or switching drugs can be mixed by two drugs for injection, because the red spider is very resistant.
6.2 Diseases caused papaya virus
            Papaya virus diseases is a common disease, severe and cause great damage to the plant. Ring spot disease, mosaic disease on papaya caused by the two main viruses that PMV (Papaya mosaic virus) and PRSV (Papaya ringspor virus).
 ring spot disease
            Spotted viral disease caused PRSV ring, ring shaped lesions spotted, variegated mosaic on leaves, fruits, stems and branches with bruises and plastic flow. On leaves, the disease usually produces bright yellow spots, the leaves beginning to shrink slightly and the phenomenon of mosaic. After gradually evolved into mottled spots ring, appeared very much on the leaf surface. When the trees are sick, immature leaves usually takes lobe, just stalk, stalk and sometimes deformed, convulsive. In effect, at first lesions are dark green spots, dark lesions usually concentrated in the upper half of the fruit near the stem. When aged, nine, the deep bruise and rot inside. Diseased plants dwarf, for less efficient and less effective on the severity of the disease. Bland fruit disease, because the disease reduces the amount of sugar in fruit. When the trees were heavy with fruit and can not die soon. Virus transmission in 2 ways: mechanical transmission and contact with insects spread broker (kinds of aphids, hoppers). The virus is not transmitted through seed. The disease spreads rapidly, especially plants from 5-6 months of age.
 mosaic disease
            Planted seedlings can be infected, but the disease is usually only found in plants are 1-2 years old. The disease causes only mosaic in green, yellow leaves with green marks confused, the more severe the tobacco mosaic turns to yellow. Infected leaves have small, ugly, lobed leaves of old rose, check. Many older leaves fall, leaving only the tops yellow mosaic leaf cluster. Small fruit, deformed, suong bottle. Berries usually have some results soon dark blue plastic flowing into vertical tracks. Twigs and stems have many blue bruises along the length of the stems. Mosaic virus spread by mechanical contact, not transmitted through insect broker.
            Prevention and treatment measures:
            Currently there is no effective control measures of this disease. In the immediate future can apply some of the following measures:
- Creating sources of disease in the nursery tree isolated fungicide.
No papaya planting in areas already infected.
- Spraying the chemical combination of chemical methods to kill insects transmit the disease, especially aphids and peach aphids. Some effective medications except aphids: Bassa, Trebon, Pegasus, Applaud, Sumicidin, Supracid, Zolone.
- Make selective, garden sanitation papaya trees regularly to remove disease, prevent spread.
7. HARVESTING:
            7 months after planting papaya can be harvested as green vegetables fruits, collect ripe fruit 9-10 months after planting. Ripe fruit, the fruit should be collected on the results appeared pale yellow stripes, this time in the fruit dry matter accumulation was up to the ripening and fruit quality commercial good, but not too green, eating will Best. Each tree can be harvested 70kg average fruit, harvested crops could reach 100-120kg high fruit / tree.